Jump to content

Hurricane Donna

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1960 Atlantic hurricane. For the 2017 South Pacific tropical cyclone, see Cyclone Donna.

Hurricane Donna
Hurricane San Lorenzo
Radar image of Donna at Category 4 intensity over the Florida Keys on September 10
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 29, 1960
ExtratropicalSeptember 13, 1960
DissipatedSeptember 14, 1960
Category 4 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds145 mph (230 km/h)
Lowest pressure930 mbar (hPa); 27.46 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities439
Damage$980 million (1960 USD)
Areas affectedLeeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, New England, Atlantic Canada, Greenland
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Donna, known in Puerto Rico as Hurricane San Lorenzo, was the strongest hurricane of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season, and caused severe damage to the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles, and the East Coast of the United States, especially Florida, in August–September. The fifth tropical cyclone, third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29, spawned by a tropical wave to which 63 deaths from a plane crash in Senegal were attributed. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day. Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly 20 mph (32 km/h) and by September 1, it reached hurricane status. Over the next three days, Donna deepened significantly and reached maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) on September 4. Thereafter, it maintained intensity as it struck the Lesser Antilles later that day. On Sint Maarten, the storm left a quarter of the island's population homeless and killed seven people. An additional five deaths were reported in Anguilla, and there were seven other fatalities throughout the Virgin Islands. In Puerto Rico, severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities, 85 of them in Humacao alone.

Donna further intensified to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 6, and attained peak winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) twenty-four hours later. The storm then weakened over the next few days, making multiple landfalls in The Bahamas as a Category 3 hurricane. Donna generated severe wind gusts of up to 173 mph (278 km/h) over southern portions of the archipelago nation, and prolific rains affected the country and the nearby Turks and Caicos Islands. Several small island communities in the southern regions of The Bahamas were leveled, but no damage total or fatalities were reported.

As it neared the United States, Donna encountered weaker steering currents, turned northwestward, and re-intensified. Early on September 10, Donna made landfall on the Florida Keys with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h), the most severe observed there since 1935. Donna then weakened as it paralleled the southwestern Florida peninsula, making landfall south of Naples with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). In the Florida Keys, coastal flooding severely damaged 75% of buildings, destroyed several subdivisions in Marathon. On the mainland, 5,200 houses were damaged, which does not include the 75% of homes damaged at Fort Myers Beach; 50% of buildings were also destroyed in the city of Everglades. Crop losses were also extensive. A total of 50% of the grapefruit crop was lost, 10% of the orange and tangerine crop was lost, and the avocado crop was almost destroyed. In the state of Florida alone, there were 13 deaths and $300 million in losses.

Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 1 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from North Florida. By early on September 12, the storm made landfall near Topsail Beach, North Carolina, as a Category 2 hurricane. Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to 100 mph (160 km/h), damaging or destroying several buildings in Eastern North Carolina, while crops were damaged as far as 50 miles (80 km) inland. Additionally, storm surge caused significant beach erosion and structural damage at Wilmington and Nags Head. Eight people were killed and there were over 100 injuries. Later on September 12, Donna reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean and continued to move northeastward. The storm struck Long Island, New York, late on September 12 and rapidly weakened inland. On the following day, Donna became extratropical over Maine.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 29, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa near Dakar. That day, it is estimated a tropical depression developed along the wave southeast of Cape Verde. There was a lack of data for several days, but it is estimated that the system gradually intensified. On September 2, ships in the region suggested there was a tropical storm after reporting winds of over 50 mph (80 km/h). That day, the Hurricane Hunters flew into the system and observed a well-defined eye, along with winds of 140 mph (230 km/h).[1] Based on the data, the United States Weather Bureau office in San Juan, Puerto Rico, initiated advisories on Hurricane Donna at 22:00 UTC on September 2,[2] about 700 miles (1,100 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[3] It is estimated that the storm attained hurricane status a day prior. The Azores High to the north was unusually powerful, which caused Donna to move to the west-northwest.[1] When advisories began, Donna was intensifying into a major hurricane, which is the equivalent of a Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale; it would ultimately maintain this status for nearly eight days.[4]

Continuing to the west-northwest, Donna strengthened further, attaining maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (201 km/h) at 00:00 UTC on September 4—an intensity it maintained for two more days.[4] Operationally, winds were estimated to be 145 mph (233 km/h).[5][6] Late on September 4, the eye of Donna moved over Barbuda, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Anguilla, and passed just south of Anegada. Donna was then well-organized, described in the Monthly Weather Review as akin to "an intense, idealized hurricane." A weakening trough to the north turned the hurricane more northwesterly, bringing it within 85 miles (137 km) of the north coast of Puerto Rico.[1] The storm then underwent further intensification to Category 4 status on September 6, and reached its first peak of 145 mph (233 km/h) by 00:00 UTC on September 7.[4] At that time, Donna began turning more to the west as a ridge built to its north, and it soon weakened back to Category 3 status. Over the next few days, the intense hurricane moved slowly through the southern Bahamas without defined steering currents, and the eye passed near or over Mayaguana, Acklins, Fortune Island, and Ragged Island.[1]

While passing through the Straits of Florida, Donna brushed the northern coast of Cuba on September 9 with gale-force winds. Subsequently, a cold front moved eastward through the United States and weakened the ridge, causing the hurricane to turn more to the northwest. It re-intensified over warm sea surface temperatures,[1] and the hurricane's minimum barometric pressure dropped to 930 mbar (27 inHg) on September 10.[4] Between 02:00 and 03:00 UTC that day, the 21-mile-wide (34 km) eye of Donna crossed through the Florida Keys at Conch Key, just northeast of Marathon, with sustained winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) and gusts to 178 mph (286 km/h). The hurricane continued to the northwest along the southwest coast of Florida, weakening due to interaction with the peninsula, before making landfall on Goodland, a short distance east of Marco Island, with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h).[4][1] Donna then traversed Naples and Fort Myers before turning inland to the northeast.

At 0800 UTC on September 11, Donna exited Daytona Beach into the western Atlantic with winds of about 75 mph (121 km/h), still as an organized hurricane. Accelerating to the northeast due to an approaching trough, the hurricane re-intensified slightly before making landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina, early on September 12 with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). At 0900 UTC that day, Donna again emerged over open waters near Virginia, although it had weakened, and the eye expanded to over 50 miles (80 km) in diameter. Late on September 12, the hurricane made landfall near Brookhaven, New York, as a low-end Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 100 mph (160 km/h).[4][1][7] On September 13, Donna became extratropical over northern Maine before entering eastern Canada, having become associated with the approaching cold front. After moving across Quebec and Labrador, Donna reached the Labrador Sea and dissipated early on September 14.[1][4]

Preparations

[edit]

At noon on September 3, a hurricane watch was issued for the Leeward Islands, which at 6 p.m. was upgraded to a warning. Also at 6 p.m., hurricane watches were raised for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, which at 6 a.m. on September 4, were upgraded to warnings. By 6 a.m. on September 5, hurricane warnings were dropped for the Leeward Islands, and at 9 a.m., southwest Puerto Rico and the Virgin Island's hurricane warnings were downgraded to gale warnings. By noon, all remaining hurricane warnings for Puerto Rico were changed to gale warnings.[8] In Puerto Rico, flood warnings were issued on September 5, although some residents in the region did not heed the notice; many returned to their homes after the hurricane passed to the north.[1] On Vieques Island, about 1,700 United States Marines evacuated to naval ships.[9] Officials advised small boats to remain at port, and thousands of residents evacuated to schools set up as Red Cross shelters.[10] Along the Cuban coast, about 3,000 people evacuated inland or to churches and schools;[11][12] while in the Bahamas, stores closed and boats were sent to port.[13]

Radar animation of Hurricane Donna approaching the Florida Keys

Beginning on September 7, hurricane watches were put in place for the Florida coast from Key West to Melbourne. The next day, the watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings from Key West to Key Largo, with hurricane watches raised on the west coast northward to Fort Myers, and gale warnings issued from Key Largo to Vero Beach. By September 11, hurricane warnings were in effect for southern Florida from Daytona Beach on the east coast to Cedar Key on the west coast, including Lake Okeechobee. Gale warnings were in place northward from Cedar Key to St. Marks, as well as from Daytona Beach northward to Savannah, Georgia.[8] Evacuations in the Florida Keys disrupted traffic along the Overseas Highway.[11] The Air Force evacuated 90 Boeing B-47 Stratojets from Homestead Air Reserve Base (At that time Homestead AFB). At Cape Canaveral, the threat of the storm caused the launching of two missiles to be postponed.[13] Most flights out of Miami International Airport were canceled during the storm's approach. Officials closed schools in Miami and the Florida Keys,[12] and recommended residents in low-lying areas of the Florida Keys and southwestern Florida to evacuate. Ultimately, about 12,000 people in southern Florida sought refuge in storm shelters, two of which were damaged during the storm.[14] In Miami-Dade County alone, there were 77 storm shelters housing 10,000 people.[15]

At 5 p.m. on September 10, gale warnings were extended northward to Myrtle Beach. At 11 p.m., hurricane warnings were lowered in the Florida Keys but extended northward from Daytona Beach to Savannah, Georgia.[8] At 11 a.m. on September 11, all warnings were lowered south of Vero Beach and along the Florida west coast, while hurricane warnings were extended northward from Savannah to Myrtle Beach. At 5 p.m., hurricane warnings were lowered south of Fernandina Beach, while they were extended northward to include the entire North Carolina coast. Gale warnings were issued northward to Cape May. At 9 p.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, while gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued northward to Eastport, Maine.[16] Ships at dock in Newport, Rhode Island were towed out into the bay to weather the storm.[17] On September 12 at 5 a.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to Eastport, and dropped south of Cape Hatteras. At 7 a.m., hurricane warnings were lowered south of Cape Charles. At 2 p.m., hurricane warnings were dropped south of Cape May. At 5 p.m., hurricane warnings were discontinued south of Manasquan, New Jersey. At 8 p.m., hurricane warnings expired south of Block Island. By 11 p.m. on September 12, all hurricane warnings had been lowered.[16]

Impact

[edit]
Donna's Rainfall around Puerto Rico

Hurricane Donna was a very destructive hurricane that caused extensive damage from the Lesser Antilles to New England. At least 364 people were killed by the hurricane and property damage was estimated at $900 million (1960 USD).[18]

West Africa

[edit]

The precursor to Hurricane Donna brought severe weather to the Dakar area of Senegal.[19] Air France Flight 343, which was flying from Paris, France to Abidjan, Ivory Coast, attempted to land at the Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport as a layover. However, due to squally weather, the plane instead crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 63 people on board.[20] Heavy rainfall was also reported in Cape Verde on August 30.[1]

Caribbean

[edit]

Hurricane Donna caused very extensive damage on Saint-Martin, killed 7 and left at least a quarter of the island's population homeless. A weather station in Sint Maarten reported sustained wind gusts of 125 mph (201 km/h) and a 952 mbar (28.1 inHg) pressure reading in the main airport.[1] Donna killed two people on Antigua.[21] During the passing of Hurricane Donna, Anguilla recorded five deaths, including a woman who died when the roof of her house collapsed.

Despite passing only 35 mi (56 km) north of the island, Donna caused only minor damage on St. Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. A station there reported a wind gust of 60 mph (97 km/h).[1] Some fences were toppled, while several houses were reported to have been damaged or destroyed. Electrical and telephone services were also disrupted. The highest daily rainfall total on the island was 8.78 inches (223 mm), causing minor local flooding. On Saint John, several small boats capsized.

While passing to the north of Puerto Rico, Donna produced winds of 38 mph (61 km/h) in San Juan. Along the north coast of the island, high tides of around 6 ft (1.8 m) and strong waves caused coastal flooding.[1] The hurricane dropped torrential rainfall, peaking at 16.23 in (412 mm) at Naguabo in the central portion of the island. Large areas of eastern Puerto Rico received over 10 in (250 mm) of precipitation.[22] The hurricane left about 2,500 people homeless on the island.[13] Despite advanced warning of the floods, the hurricane killed 107 people on the island, of which 84 were in Humacao.[1]

In Haiti, the southern periphery of the hurricane killed three people in Port au Prince.[21] Later, Donna brushed the north coast of Cuba with strong winds and heavy rainfall,[1] causing damage along much of the coast.[11] In Gibara, the storm wrecked 80 houses.[12]

Turks and Caicos and Bahamas

[edit]

On Grand Turk in the Turks and Caicos, Donna produced winds of 58 mph (93 km/h), as the strongest winds remained north of the island. However, the storm dropped heavy rainfall of over 20 in (510 mm), much of which fell in a 12‑hour period.[1] Despite the rains, damage there was minor.[13]

In the Bahamas, the anemometer at Ragged Island blew away after registering a 150 mph (240 km/h) wind gust. At Mayaguana, where residents evacuated to a missile tracking base, hurricane-force winds raged for 13 hours.[1] The winds largely destroyed the village of Abraham's Bay on the island.[23] Andros experienced hurricane-force winds for a few hours, and winds on Fortune Island were estimated at 173 mph (278 km/h) before the anemometer blew away. The strongest winds remained south of the northwestern Bahamas, which limited damage there.[1] Donna cut communications between several islands.[13]

Several small island communities in the southern Bahamas were leveled. North Caicos reported 20 inches (510 mm) of rainfall in 24 hours.[24]

United States

[edit]

There were 50 people reported dead in the United States, with damages totaling to $3.35 billion.[25] Donna crossed directly over United States Air Force radar station Texas Tower 4, causing severe damage to the structure and leading to its eventual loss in January 1961.[26]

Donna was the only hurricane to affect every state along the East Coast with hurricane-force winds.[27]

Florida

[edit]
Flooding along Biscayne Boulevard in Miami, Florida

The U.S. state of Florida received the most damage from Hurricane Donna. Portions of southern and western Florida received over 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall from the hurricane, peaking at 13.24 in (336 mm).[22] Strong winds were observed in the state, with a sustained wind speed of 120 mph (190 km/h) in Tavernier and a gusts up to 150 mph (240 km/h) at Sombrero Key Light.[28] In Miami, winds reached 97 mph (156 km/h). Southeast of the city, high waves washed a 104-foot (32 m) freighter onshore an island.[14] The highest observed storm surge of 13 ft (4.0 m) was reported at Marathon. The hurricane also lashed Southwest Florida, where tides were 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) above normal.[28]

In the Florida Keys, some areas experienced "almost complete destruction".[28] In Key West, one death was confirmed, and 71 people were injured. About 564 homes were demolished, and an additional 1,382 were damaged, 583 of them severely.[29] Farther north, an estimated 75% of buildings were extensively damaged between Marathon and Tavernier. In the former, tides inundated the city and destroyed several subdivisions. Storm surge inundated parts of the Overseas Highway.[28] Six bridges between Marathon and Craig Key had been nearly or entirely swept away.[30] Many boats and docks were severely damaged or destroyed. Additionally, the pipeline supplying water to the Florida Keys was wrecked in three places.[28]

In Miami-Dade County (then Dade County), thousands of low-lying homes in the Homestead area were flooded.[31] The storm also overturned 25 mobile homes and caused one death in the city. While telephone service remained mostly uninterrupted, approximately 152,000 people lost electricity.[32] Donna was the first hurricane to affect Miami, Florida, since Hurricane King in October 1950.[31] Although structural damage in and around Miami was generally light, winds shattered windows and uprooted trees. Heavy precipitation inundated streets.[32] Overall, 857 houses in Dade County were destroyed, while about 2,317 others suffered damage. Significant agricultural losses were also reported.[31] About 100 homes in Broward County reported minor damage.[33] In Boca Raton and Delray Beach, damage was mostly limited to downed billboard signs and shattered windows.[34]: 6  Boynton Beach observed wind gusts up to 70 mph (110 km/h) at the inlet.[34]: 1  Storm surge covered State Road A1A with mud and sand.[34]: 6  In North Palm Beach, winds shattered a few windows and destroyed a shopping center sign.[34]: 1  A fire destroyed a cocktail lounge in Juno Beach after response teams were unable to extinguish the blaze due to high winds.[35]

Large tracts of mangrove forest were lost in the western portion of Everglades National Park, while at least 35% of the white heron population in the park were killed.[36] The lodge and marina at Flamingo, as well as a ranger's way station near Cape Sable, were virtually destroyed.[30] Tides from Fort Myers Beach southward ranged between 4 and 7 ft (1.2 and 2.1 m) above normal. In Everglades City, about 50% of buildings were destroyed due to strong winds and coastal flooding, and roofs were blown off or damaged.[28] Floodwaters reached about 7 ft (2.1 m) in height inside the historic Collier County Courthouse, forcing refugees taking shelter in the building to evacuate to the second floor.[37] The city briefly became inaccessible due to inundated roads. Thousands of trees were toppled,[28] blocking portions of the Tamiami Trail.[14] Approximately half of the homes in Chokoloskee were destroyed, while floodwaters entered a number of homes in Ochopee. The community of Immokalee reported about $3 million in damage. In Naples, storm surge entered many high-priced homes, while the 900 ft (270 m) fishing pier was wrecked. A total of 19 cottages and 12 mobile homes at Gordon Pass were damaged beyond repairs. Throughout Naples, Donna demolished 87 homes and damaged 614 others in Everglades City. The Miami News described Vanderbilt Beach as being reduced to "another welter of splintered homes."[37] Throughout Collier County, strong winds and coastal flooding combined destroyed 153 homes, severely damaged 409 others, and caused minor damage to 1,049 dwellings.[33]

Damage on Sanibel Island from Hurricane Donna

Donna left about $3 million in property damage and two deaths in Fort Myers. A new church in Bradenton was destroyed, while much of the city was left without power.[32] In Winter Haven, 13 homes were destroyed, 100 others suffered major damage, and 2,400 dwellings experienced minor damage. One person was killed in the city.[33] The turn into southern Florida lessened damage in the Tampa area.[38] High winds deroofed in armory building in Dade City sheltering 150 people.[32] In Volusia County, Donna destroyed 10 homes, severely damaged 112 homes, and caused minor damage to 1,100 others, while 25 buildings were demolished, 400 substantially damaged, and inflicted minor damage to 750 others. One fatality occurred in the county.[33][39]

Throughout the state of Florida, the storm destroyed 2,156 homes and trailers, severely damaged 3,903, and inflicted minor impact on 30,524 others. Approximately 391 farm buildings were destroyed, an additional 989 suffered extensive impact, and 2,499 others received minor damage. Roughly 174 buildings were demolished, 1,029 received major impact, and 4,254 suffered minor damage. Additionally, 281 boats were destroyed or severely damaged. A total of 50% of grapefruit crop was lost, 10% of the orange and tangerine crops were ruined, and the avocado crop was almost destroyed. With at least $350 million in damage in Florida alone, Donna was the costliest hurricane to impact the state, at the time. Additionally, there were 14 confirmed fatalities: six from drowning, four from heart attacks, two from automobile accidents, and two from electrocution. About 1,188 others were injured.[40]

Southeastern United States and Mid-Atlantic

[edit]
The facade of the 1840s-era Bennett's Rice Mill in Charleston, South Carolina; much of the structure was destroyed by an F3 tornado.

The storm brought minor impact to Georgia. Wind gusts of 50 mph (80 km/h) along the coast felled trees and tree limbs, resulting in electrical and telephone-service outages. In Brunswick, GA, a power outage at the power plant caused a minor explosion. Heavy rainfall temporarily flooded some streets in the city. Further north in South Carolina, gale-force winds were reported along the coast, but caused little damage. An F3 tornado struck areas just north of Downtown Charleston, destroying several houses and severely damaging a number of others. There were 10 injuries, some of which were caused by flying glass. Damage from this tornado was over $500,000. An F1 tornado also touched down in Garden City Beach, destroying or extensively damaging six buildings.[28][41] In Beaufort County, many trees were uprooted, power lines were downed, homes were unroofed, piers were destroyed, and there was significant damage to corn and soybean crops.[42]

In North Carolina, Donna brought two tornadoes to the state. An F1 tornado damaged several small buildings in Bladen County. An F2 tornado in Sampson County destroyed a dwelling with eight occupants, all of whom were hospitalized.[41] Along the coast, wind gusts as high as 100 mph (160 km/h) damaged or destroyed several buildings. Additionally crops were damaged as far as 50 miles (80 km) inland. Storm tides ranging from 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) above normal caused significant beach erosion and structural damage at Wilmington and Nags Head.[28] Additionally, Topsail Beach was reported to have been 50% destroyed. In Southport, the town docks were almost completely demolished.[43] There were eight deaths, including three from drowning, two from falling trees, two from weather-related traffic accidents, and one from electrocution. At least 100 people were injured enough to require hospitalization.[28] Damage in North Carolina exceeded $5 million, with the worst impact occurring in New Hanover County.[43]

In Virginia, the east coast of the state reported hurricane-force winds, while gusts reached up to 89 mph (143 km/h) in Virginia Beach.[19] Strong winds toppled trees and electrical wires, which blocked streets. Additionally, buildings suffered roof damage and broken windows; some structures were completely destroyed. Offshore, rough seas sank or destroyed numerous small crafts, while a 12,000 tonnes (26,000,000 lb) vessel was driven aground. The storm killed three people in Virginia; two of the deaths occurred when a barge collided with a freighter and later sank, and another after a man attempted to safeguard his boat. Strong winds and heavy rains were observed in eastern Maryland. Ocean City suffered the worst impact, with over $300,000 in property damage. The storm also damaged crops in the area, especially corn and apples. Effects from the storm in Delaware were similar, with property damage and considerable losses to corn and apple crops. In Pennsylvania, wind gusts up to 59 mph (95 km/h) in the southeastern portions of the state toppled many trees and utility wires. Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets. Low-lying areas in Bucks and Montgomery counties were inundated with up to 3 feet (0.91 m) of water after many streams and creeks nearby overflowed. One death in the state was reported after a boy was swept into a swollen creek behind his home in Sharon Hill.[28]

Winds as strong as 100 mph (160 km/h) were observed along the coast of New Jersey. Rainfall in the state was generally between 5 and 6 inches (130 and 150 mm),[28] with a peak of 8.99 inches (228 mm) near Hammonton.[44] Damage from the storm was most severe in Atlantic, Cape May, Monmouth, and Ocean counties, where numerous boats, docks, boardwalks, and cottages were damaged or destroyed.[28] A resort area in Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey saw its boardwalk and tourist attractions destroyed by the hurricane, and the area has never recovered. Losses to agriculture were significant, with damage to apple and peach trees "considerable", the former of which lost about one-third of its crops. Wind damage to corn, Sudan grass, and sorghum resulted in a delay in their harvest. Nine deaths were reported in the state of New Jersey. In southeastern New York, the eye of Donna crossed 10 miles to the eastern tip of Long Island. Heavy rains, hurricane-force winds, and "unprecedented" high tides were observed. Severe small stream flooding caused significant damage, especially on Long Island, the waterfront of New York City, and further north in Greene County. The storm caused three fatalities in the state, two from drowning and another from a person crushed by a falling tree.[28]

The eye of Hurricane Donna crossed near the Connecticut and Rhode Island state line, thus much of the damage in Connecticut was in far eastern sections. Strong winds left 15,000 people without telephone service, while 88,000 homes lost electricity. Along the coast, tides caused beach erosion, inundated streets, and weakened foundations. Four seaside cottages were destroyed. Crop damage was isolated and mainly limited to apples and corn. In Rhode Island, the storm brought a wind gust as strong as 130 mph (210 km/h) to Block Island. Telephone and electrical services were severely disrupted. Along the coast, high tides significantly damaged or destroyed about 200 homes at Narragansett Bay and Warwick cove. Damage to these vessels collectively totaled to over $2 million. Agriculture also suffered impact, particularly to fruit, timber, and poultry, especially in Newport and Portsmouth.[28]

Elsewhere in North America

[edit]
Donna's Rainfall in the United States

Strong winds were also observed in Massachusetts, with a wind gust of 145 mph (233 km/h) at the Blue Hill Observatory.[1] Extensive losses to apple orchards occurred, as the fruit was blown out of trees. Widespread telephone and power outages were reported.[28] The strong southwest winds associated with Donna, in combination with very little rainfall, led to a significant deposit of salt spray, which whitewashed southwest-facing windows. Many trees and shrubs saw their leaves brown due to the salt.[45] However, in other areas, 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150 mm) of precipitation fell, causing some washouts and local flooding. Waves along the coast ripped small boats and pleasure craft from their moorings and subsequently smashed them against rocks or seawalls.[28]

In Vermont, winds damaged trees, tree branches, and power lines, causing telephone and electrical service outages in a few communities. Rainfall totals ranged 2–5 inches (51–127 mm), resulting in washouts in some areas. Damage to apple orchards totaled $50,000. Along the coast of New Hampshire, many boats were smashed or damaged in some way. Strong winds felled trees and power lines, causing residents in the southern portions of the state to lose telephone service and electricity. Additionally, apple orchards suffered $200,000 in damage. Rainfall in the state peaked at 7.25 inches (184 mm) near Peterborough, resulting in local flooding and washouts.[28]

Along the coast, large waves damaged 15 to 20 boats in Falmouth, Maine harbor. Total boat damage was estimated at $250,000. Coastal residents in low-lying beach areas of Cumberland and York counties were evacuated in Maine. Several counties lost power during the storm. In Southwest Harbor, lightning struck the Dirigo Hotel, causing a fire that resulted in $100,000 in damages. Winds caused a loss of telephone and electrical services in the Auburn-Lewiston area due to falling trees or tree branches. Television antennas were damaged, as were several signs, including a Sears sign. In addition, 25% to 40% of the apple crop was destroyed.[46]

After becoming extratropical, the remnants of Donna continued northeastward into New Brunswick, Quebec, and then Labrador. Wind gusts of 53 mph (85 km/h) in Quebec snapped electrical poles and trees. One death occurred when a man suffered a heart attack when his home was threatened by a fire. Additionally, weather-related traffic accidents in the province resulted in two injuries.[47]

Aftermath and retirement

[edit]
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

Following the storm, President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a disaster declaration for Florida and North Carolina, allowing residents of those states to be eligible for public assistance.[48][49]

The United States military sent a plane carrying doctors and food from Patrick Air Force Base to Mayaguana in the Bahamas.[23] Crews of doctors and workers with food and supplies left from Key West and Miami to traverse the Florida Keys, bringing aid to affected residents.[14] In Marathon, a large reconstruction program rehabilitated the key by Christmas.[50]

Coral reefs were damaged in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary by the hurricane.[51] Donna caused a significant negative impact on aquatic life in north Florida Bay. Marine life was either stranded by retreating salt water which had been driven inland or killed by muddied waters in its wake. Oxygen depletion due to animals perishing in the hurricane caused additional mortality. Although salinity levels returned to normal within six weeks, dissolved oxygen concentrations remained quite low for a longer time frame. Marine life was scarce for several months in areas of greatest oxygen depletion. Sports fishing in the area took a few months to recover. Juvenile pink shrimp moved from their estuarine nursery grounds into deeper water about 60 miles (97 km) offshore, where they were subsequently captured by fishermen.[52] A Caspian tern was swept up the North American coast well to the north of its traditional breeding grounds, to Nova Scotia, which was witnessed four hours after the storm went by Digby Neck.[53]

Because of storm's devastating impact, the name Donna was retired following the 1960 season, and will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced with Dora for the 1964 season, which was also retired after the said season.[54][55]

[edit]

Nobel Prize-winner John Steinbeck wrote about Hurricane Donna in his 1962 non-fiction memoir Travels with Charley: In Search of America. Steinbeck had had a truck fitted with a custom camper-shell for a journey he intended to take across the United States, accompanied by his poodle Charley. He planned on leaving after Labor Day from his home in Sag Harbor, Long Island, New York. Steinbeck delayed his trip slightly due to Donna, which made a direct hit on Long Island. Steinbeck wrote of saving his boat during the middle of the hurricane, during which he jumped into the water and was blown to shore clinging to a fallen branch driven by the high winds. It was an exploit which foreshadowed his fearless, or even reckless, state of mind to dive into the unknown.[56]

The winds of Donna can be seen in the feature film Blast of Silence (1961); the final scenes on Long Island had been previously scheduled, and the filmmakers decided to go ahead and shoot the exterior scene despite the hurricane.[57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gordon E. Dunn (March 1961). "The Hurricane Season of 1960" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 89 (3). United States Weather Bureau: 99, 104–107. Bibcode:1961MWRv...89...99D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1961)089<0099:thso>2.0.co;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  2. ^ Ralph Higgs (September 2, 1960). Hurricane Advisory Number 1 Donna (GIF) (Report). San Juan Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  3. ^ Tropical Storm "Donna" September 2-13, 1960 Preliminary Report (GIF) (Report). United States Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ Ralph Higgs (September 4, 1960). Hurricane Advisory Number 8 Donna (GIF) (Report). San Juan Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  6. ^ NOAA. "Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones: Major Hurricane Donna". The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  7. ^ Sandy Delgado; Chris Landsea (July 2016). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1960) (PDF) (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Hurricane "Donna" Chronology, September 2-13, 1960 (Report). United States Weather Bureau Office of Climatology. 1960. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  9. ^ "Puerto Rico Braces for Hurricane". The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. September 5, 1960. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  10. ^ "Hurricane Howls Towards Mainland". The Gadsden Times. Associated Press. September 5, 1960. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c "Deadly 'Donna' Seems Sure to Slam into Florida". The Times-News. United Press International. September 9, 1960. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c "Storm Nears Florida Coast". The Windsor Star. September 9, 1960. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Savage Hurricane 'Donna' Aims for Florida; Winds 150 MPH". The Times-News. United Press International. September 8, 1960. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  14. ^ a b c d "Gulf Beaches Evacuated; Donna Slashes Pinellas". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. September 11, 1960. p. 1-A. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  15. ^ "Donna Late, But Miami Hurt". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. September 11, 1960. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  16. ^ a b Hurricane "Donna" Chronology page 2, September 2-13, 1960. Archived October 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine United States Weather Bureau Office of Climatology (1960). Retrieved on 2008-10-10.
  17. ^ Ron Fritz (2008). USS Fred T. Berry DD/DDE 858 Ship's History Addenda: Hurricane Donna. Archived August 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Ron Fritz. Retrieved on 2008-10-10.
  18. ^ Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996. Archived February 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-10-13.
  19. ^ a b David M. Roth (July 16, 2001). Late Twentieth Century. Weather Prediction Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  20. ^ Accident description (Report). Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Hurricane Donna Threatens Florida". Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. September 6, 1960. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  22. ^ a b David M. Roth (March 6, 2013). Hurricane Donna - September 3-12, 1960 (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  23. ^ a b "Hurricane Donna Turns Slightly Toward North". The News and Courier. Associated Press. September 9, 1960. Retrieved October 31, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ 2007 Hurricane Guide: Are You Prepared? Turks & Caicos Islands Red Cross (2007). Retrieved on 2008-10-10.
  25. ^ Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (April 15, 2007). "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2006 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  26. ^ Thomas Ray. "A history of Texas Towers in air defense 1952-1964". The Texas Tower Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  27. ^ "Hurricane History". National Hurricane Center. 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r National Climatic Data Center. Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: September 1960 (PDF). ncdc.noaa.gov (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  29. ^ American Red Cross (October 20, 1960). Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau (Report). United States Weather Bureau. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Luther Evans (September 11, 1960). "Misery Conquers Islands". Miami Herald. p. 1A. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  31. ^ a b c "Climatological Data: Florida". Climatological Data. 64 (9). National Climatic Data Center: 2. September 1960. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  32. ^ a b c d "Donna: Storm at A Glance". Miami Herald. September 11, 1960. p. 1A. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  33. ^ a b c d American Red Cross (October 20, 1960). Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau (Report). United States Weather Bureau. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  34. ^ a b c d "Little Damage From Donna In Local Area". The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. September 11, 1960. pp. 1D and 8D. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  35. ^ "Fire Destroys Cocktail Lounge In Juno Beach". The Palm Beach Post. September 11, 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  36. ^ Jason P. Dunion; Christopher W. Landsea; Samuel H. Houston; Mark D. Powell (September 2003). "A Reanalysis of the Surface Winds for Hurricane Donna of 1960" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 131 (9). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory: 1992–1993. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1992D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1992:AROTSW>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Howard Van Smith (September 12, 1960). "Collier County – A Lost Civilization". The Miami News. p. 4A. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  38. ^ Dick Bothwell (September 11, 1960). "Back to Normal By Friday". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. p. 8-A. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  39. ^ American Red Cross (October 20, 1960). Special Storm and Flood Report by the American Red Cross for U.S. Weather Bureau (Report). United States Weather Bureau. p. 4. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  40. ^ "Here's What Donna Did". National Hurricane Center. 1960. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  41. ^ a b "Tornado History Project: September 11, 1960". Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  42. ^ "Losses Heavy As Donna Rips Through County" (PDF). Beaufort County Community College. 1960. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  43. ^ a b Scott Nunn (September 15, 2010). "Back Then - Hurricane Donna rushes ashore in 1960". Star-News. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  44. ^ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic United States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  45. ^ Arnold Arboretum (September 8, 1961). "Hurricane "Donna" and its After Effects to a Chatham, Massachusetts, Garden" (PDF). Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  46. ^ Wayne Cotterly (October 21, 2002). Hurricane Donna-(1960) (Report). Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  47. ^ 1960-Donna. ec.gc.ca (Report). Environment Canada. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  48. ^ Florida Hurricane Donna (DR-106). fema.gov (Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  49. ^ North Carolina Hurricane Donna (DR-107). fema.gov (Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  50. ^ Larry Solloway (December 25, 1960). "Face-Lifting Erases Scar Donna Left in Keys". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  51. ^ "The Effects of African Dust on Coral Reefs and Human Health". er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. June 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  52. ^ Tabb, Durbin C.; Jones, Albert C. (1962). "Effect of Hurricane Donna on the Aquatic Fauna of North Florida Bay". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 91 (4): 375–378. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[375:eohdot]2.0.co;2.
  53. ^ "Caspian Tern". Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. February 20, 1998. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  54. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  55. ^ "Roll of Hurricanes Starts with Abby". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. June 24, 1964. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  56. ^ John Steinbeck (1962). Travels with Charley: In Search of America. Penguin Books. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1101615168. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  57. ^ "Trivia for Blast of Silence (1961)". tcm.com/tcmdb. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Donna.
Preceded by Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on Record
1960 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Donna&oldid=1257122992"